Clock domain crossing
The amaranth.lib.cdc
module provides building blocks for transferring data between clock domains.
- class amaranth.lib.cdc.FFSynchronizer
Resynchronise a signal to a different clock domain.
Consists of a chain of flip-flops. Eliminates metastabilities at the output, but provides no other guarantee as to the safe domain-crossing of a signal.
- Parameters:
i (Signal(n), in) – Signal to be resynchronised.
o (Signal(n), out) – Signal connected to synchroniser output.
o_domain (str) – Name of output clock domain.
init (int) – Initial and reset value of the flip-flops. On FPGAs, even if
reset_less
isTrue
, theFFSynchronizer
is still set to this value during initialization.reset_less (bool) – If
True
(the default), thisFFSynchronizer
is unaffected byo_domain
reset. See the note below for details.stages (int, >=2) – Number of synchronization stages between input and output. The lowest safe number is 2, with higher numbers reducing MTBF further, at the cost of increased latency.
max_input_delay (None or float) – Maximum delay from the input signal’s clock to the first synchronization stage, in seconds. If specified and the platform does not support it, elaboration will fail.
Note
FFSynchronizer
is non-resettable by default. Usually this is the safest option; on FPGAs theFFSynchronizer
will still be initialized to itsreset
value when the FPGA loads its configuration.However, in designs where the value of the
FFSynchronizer
must be valid immediately after reset, consider settingreset_less
toFalse
if any of the following is true:You are targeting an ASIC, or an FPGA that does not allow arbitrary initial flip-flop states;
Your design features warm (non-power-on) resets of
o_domain
, so the one-time initialization at power on is insufficient;Your design features a sequenced reset, and the
FFSynchronizer
must maintain its reset value untilo_domain
reset specifically is deasserted.
FFSynchronizer
is reset by theo_domain
reset only.Platform overrides
Define the
get_ff_sync
platform method to override the implementation ofFFSynchronizer
, e.g. to instantiate library cells directly.
- class amaranth.lib.cdc.AsyncFFSynchronizer
Synchronize deassertion of an asynchronous signal.
The signal driven by the
AsyncFFSynchronizer
is asserted asynchronously and deasserted synchronously, eliminating metastability during deassertion.This synchronizer is primarily useful for resets and reset-like signals.
- Parameters:
i (Signal(1), in) – Asynchronous input signal, to be synchronized.
o (Signal(1), out) – Synchronously released output signal.
o_domain (str) – Name of clock domain to synchronize to.
stages (int, >=2) – Number of synchronization stages between input and output. The lowest safe number is 2, with higher numbers reducing MTBF further, at the cost of increased deassertion latency.
async_edge (str) – The edge of the input signal which causes the output to be set. Must be one of “pos” or “neg”.
max_input_delay (None or float) – Maximum delay from the input signal’s clock to the first synchronization stage, in seconds. If specified and the platform does not support it, elaboration will fail.
Platform overrides
Define the
get_async_ff_sync
platform method to override the implementation ofAsyncFFSynchronizer
, e.g. to instantiate library cells directly.
- class amaranth.lib.cdc.ResetSynchronizer
Synchronize deassertion of a clock domain reset.
The reset of the clock domain driven by the
ResetSynchronizer
is asserted asynchronously and deasserted synchronously, eliminating metastability during deassertion.The driven clock domain could use a reset that is asserted either synchronously or asynchronously; a reset is always deasserted synchronously. A domain with an asynchronously asserted reset is useful if the clock of the domain may be gated, yet the domain still needs to be reset promptly; otherwise, synchronously asserted reset (the default) should be used.
- Parameters:
arst (Signal(1), in) – Asynchronous reset signal, to be synchronized.
domain (str) – Name of clock domain to reset.
stages (int, >=2) – Number of synchronization stages between input and output. The lowest safe number is 2, with higher numbers reducing MTBF further, at the cost of increased deassertion latency.
max_input_delay (None or float) – Maximum delay from the input signal’s clock to the first synchronization stage, in seconds. If specified and the platform does not support it, elaboration will fail.
Platform overrides
Define the
get_reset_sync
platform method to override the implementation ofResetSynchronizer
, e.g. to instantiate library cells directly.
- class amaranth.lib.cdc.PulseSynchronizer
A one-clock pulse on the input produces a one-clock pulse on the output.
If the output clock is faster than the input clock, then the input may be safely asserted at 100% duty cycle. Otherwise, if the clock ratio is
n
:1, the input may be asserted at most once in everyn
input clocks, else pulses may be dropped. Other than this there is no constraint on the ratio of input and output clock frequency.